| Healthcare & life sciences | HIPAA and HITECH (US), DPDP Act 2023 and ABDM standards (India), UK GDPR with DCB0129 and DCB0160 clinical safety, EU GDPR special-category data, IEC 62304 where software is part of a device | Clinic and hospital management, patient portals, appointment and scheduling, e-prescribing, teleconsultation, consent and audit services, clinical data warehouses | HL7 v2 feeds with local segment customisation, FHIR R4 APIs with profile ambiguity, EHR and EMR vendor interfaces, lab and imaging systems, ABDM and ABHA rails, device data streams |
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| Banking, financial services & insurance | RBI master directions and outsourcing guidelines with data localisation (India), FCA and PRA rules with Consumer Duty (UK), PCI DSS v4.0 for card data, PSD2 and SCA in Europe, AML and CFT obligations, ISO 20022 migration deadlines | Lending origination and decisioning, KYC and AML workflow, double-entry ledgers, reconciliation engines, payment orchestration, regulatory reporting, policy admin and claims | UPI and NPCI rails, SEPA, ACH and Faster Payments, card acquirers and switches, bureau and sanctions data providers, core banking and policy administration systems, ISO 20022 message translation |
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| Retail & e-commerce | PCI DSS scope for payment flows, GDPR and DPDP for customer profiles, consumer protection and distance-selling rules, e-invoicing and GST or VAT obligations, accessibility duties under EAA and WCAG 2.2 | Headless storefronts, order management and orchestration, inventory and availability services, PIM, promotions and pricing, returns and reverse logistics, search and personalisation | ERP and finance systems, marketplace and channel APIs with rate limits, payment service providers and fraud tools, WMS and 3PL, tax engines, search and recommendation platforms |
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| Logistics & supply chain | Customs and trade compliance regimes, dangerous goods and ADR rules, driver hours and tachograph rules, cold chain and food safety obligations, cross-border data transfer rules for telematics | Transport management, dispatch and route planning, warehouse management, yard management, rate shopping, shipment visibility and ETA, proof of delivery, customs documentation | EDI over X12 and EDIFACT with per-partner dialects, carrier APIs of wildly varying quality, telematics and IoT device streams, scanner and handheld apps, customs broker and port community systems |
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| Manufacturing & Industry 4.0 | ISA-95 and ISA-99 or IEC 62443 for OT security, product traceability and recall obligations, GxP where regulated production applies, machinery and CE marking duties for the equipment itself | MES layers, OEE and plant-floor dashboards, quality management and genealogy, edge data collection, maintenance and condition monitoring, ERP integration and production scheduling | OPC UA and Modbus gateways, MQTT with Sparkplug B, historian systems, SAP and Dynamics interfaces, SCADA and PLC data, legacy line equipment with no network stack at all |